Related
Hi I've searched some, and I haven't found anything for this setup. My captivate was working fine when I last used it a while back but when I turned it on, for a few weeks now, its been stuck in a boot loop. The problem is that I have never flashed custom roms or anything, its just been its stock- update as officially released,etc. Also, aside from that, I don't have any backups of anything because of computer issues. Is there anything I could do to just get it going again without chancing loosing all of the pictures I have on there?
CheesyMcTender said:
Hi I've searched some, and I haven't found anything for this setup. My captivate was working fine when I last used it a while back but when I turned it on, for a few weeks now, its been stuck in a boot loop. The problem is that I have never flashed custom roms or anything, its just been its stock- update as officially released,etc. Also, aside from that, I don't have any backups of anything because of computer issues. Is there anything I could do to just get it going again without chancing loosing all of the pictures I have on there?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Can you get to Download and / or recovery modes?
You could try a Factory Reset from recovery. All that I have read says that it does not delete pictures and music. You are likely to loose apps you have downloaded and the app data. (Double check to insure this is correct.)
If a factory reset does not work things get a bit more complicated. For example, you could possible move files from your phone to your PC using adb if you can get to download mode.
dawgdoc said:
Can you get to Download and / or recovery modes?
You could try a Factory Reset from recovery. All that I have read says that it does not delete pictures and music. You are likely to loose apps you have downloaded and the app data. (Double check to insure this is correct.)
If a factory reset does not work things get a bit more complicated. For example, you could possible move files from your phone to your PC using adb if you can get to download mode.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
From what I've still been researching, anything factory reset is supposed to completely wipe everything on the phone. Is there any way to backup or get anywhere with download mode, because I can get into download mode, but it doesn't register with my computer so I don't know what I can do from it.
I just recently switched from HTC to this Galaxy S3 i8910 mini and in some kind of a problem.
The phone would reboot after a period of time in NORMAL mode. I think an app installed is triggering the event, after the reboot any changes you made would revert the phone settings files to it's last state (kind of similar to Windows TEMP profile) wherein it is not remembering or saving any changes made to it.
I have tried anything I can find in the internet including flashing variou PIT and TAR files but none worked. So I tried grabbing a logcat and just let it run until the phone does the reboot.
Currently the phone can boot to SAFE mode and will not boot not until I try to uninstall ANY application that was downloaded by the previous owner. Worth mentioning also that even after factory reset and performing wipe via stock recovery is of no help at all. I can get to download mode and recovery mode with no problem it's just with the reboots and reloading of it's last state is the problem.
I am suspecting that this thing maybe suffering from a bad NAND set to R/O but I can't conclude yet until I can have the logcat be read by someone who knows how to. I am not a developer knows not much about codes so any help will be appreciated.
I have read about this issue in this thread http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2562596 and found no solution yet so I am trying my luck if there is anyone that can help. TIA. :highfive:
auxdefault said:
I just recently switched from HTC to this Galaxy S3 i8910 mini and in some kind of a problem.
The phone would reboot after a period of time in NORMAL mode. I think an app installed is triggering the event, after the reboot any changes you made would revert the phone settings files to it's last state (kind of similar to Windows TEMP profile) wherein it is not remembering or saving any changes made to it.
I have tried anything I can find in the internet including flashing variou PIT and TAR files but none worked. So I tried grabbing a logcat and just let it run until the phone does the reboot.
Currently the phone can boot to SAFE mode and will not boot not until I try to uninstall ANY application that was downloaded by the previous owner. Worth mentioning also that even after factory reset and performing wipe via stock recovery is of no help at all. I can get to download mode and recovery mode with no problem it's just with the reboots and reloading of it's last state is the problem.
I am suspecting that this thing maybe suffering from a bad NAND set to R/O but I can't conclude yet until I can have the logcat be read by someone who knows how to. I am not a developer knows not much about codes so any help will be appreciated.
I have read about this issue in this thread http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2562596 and found no solution yet so I am trying my luck if there is anyone that can help. TIA. :highfive:
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
that is a long log to go through, what time did it reboot at?
efaustino84 said:
that is a long log to go through, what time did it reboot at?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Hi efaustino,
First of all thank you for taking the time to respond. About the time, I am unsure of it. I normally happens within a time frame of 2 mins or less from the time of first boot.
In addition to that, I have recently tried re-flashing CM 11 from @mcclaw and got a message in download mode that says movi_write card status:2 (1) start_blk:6144 in red.
I have found out in even in SAFEMODE I am able to recreate the reboot by making the phone read the internal memory information, such actions would trigger a reboot:
Within Settings:
-Going to Applications Manager
-Going to Storage
-Uninstalling any application in safemode
auxdefault said:
Hi efaustino,
First of all thank you for taking the time to respond. About the time, I am unsure of it. I normally happens within a time frame of 2 mins or less from the time of first boot.
In addition to that, I have recently tried re-flashing CM 11 from @mcclaw and got a message in download mode that says movi_write card status:2 (1) start_blk:6144 in red.
I have found out in even in SAFEMODE I am able to recreate the reboot by making the phone read the internal memory information, such actions would trigger a reboot:
Within Settings:
-Going to Applications Manager
-Going to Storage
-Uninstalling any application in safemode
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
something wrong with the locations it tries to reference from memory
when you tried the various pit files etc did you select re-partition when using odin?
efaustino84 said:
something wrong with the locations it tries to reference from memory
when you tried the various pit files etc did you select re-partition when using odin?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I was too busy with work and only got the chance to check your response. Yes I did, I even tried wiping NAND but to no avail. Re-Partition with only a pit file in place will show successful but when a .pda file is placed together with the .pit file Odin will fail in writing to NAND.
With NAND wiping checked, Odin will get stuck in Erasing for a few minutes and would just fail the process. I'm running out of idea on how to turn this expensive brick to a phone again. :silly:
Hello everyone.
I don't know what happened but my device entered in the infamous bootloop. I tried to erase cache, partition, reinstall a rom, install a different rom and nothing.
My true problem is that last night I made a horrible mistake: I erased everything including my SD card, which contained the data for boot to recovery. Right now I can only see the SONY logo when I power up my device and nothing else.
I tried to install recovery via fastboot flash boot boot.img but I can't keep my device in fastboot. I mean, I connect my device and hold Volume Up but after a few seconds it continuous to the SONY logo and stays there forever.
Am I missing something? What can I do to reintall a recovery if I can't access my phone data?
Thank you.
How to install recovery in a phone which can't start [Solved]
I just figured it out! I installed Sony's stock rom following this guide and my phone is alive again.
bbabel said:
I just figgured out! I installed Sony's stock rom following this tutorial and my phone is alive agaoin.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Good you managed to fix it and posted it back here with a solution. So few people do it. On the side note, link you provided does not work, please fix if you can
kwitu said:
Good you managed to fix it and posted it back here with a solution. So few people do it. On the side note, link you provided does not work, please fix if you can
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thank you. I just fixed the link and now it works.
Rooted, Bootloader unlocked, TWRP installed, Xposed Running. 5.0 - I did not yet update or press update ever, If I have ever accidentally allowed it to begin downloading I kill the download by deleting the file using SDMaid.
I got home, had problems with other devices, phone was on about 40% at this point. I remember hearing the phone reboot, I noticed it went into TWRP, which was strange, I restarted system > powered up > lockscreen > restart to twrp with no interaction. Phone is now getting low 21%ish. Fix permissions - because used to be the all out fix on my other devices.
Same thing again > straight into twrp.
I notice that some scripts have been ran in the twrp console. Something along the lines of Victara_en_US.zip Some red scripts I assume saying failed to update.
I assume the phone is now too low to power up.
It shows no sign of charging since leaving the last twrp reboot.
Green light in top speaker shows when attempting to power up with usb charger plugged in > nothing else happens.
With charger unplugged from phone I see my modified logo screen and the moto planet spinning before phone turns off completely. This process now repeats.
Anyone have any idea what the hell is wrong with my phone?
EDIT UPDATE:
Managed to get into the fastboot menu:
Battery Low (RED)
Device is UNLOCKED status code 3 (YELLOW)
Software status modified (YELLOW)
As normal aside from Battery...
THE-M1GHTY-BUKO said:
EDIT UPDATE:
Managed to get into the fastboot menu:
Battery Low (RED)
Device is UNLOCKED status code 3 (YELLOW)
Software status modified (YELLOW)
As normal aside from Battery...
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Get your phone into TWRP and connect it to your charger and let it charge to at least 70% Use Advanced Wipe in TWRP, select Cache and wipe that. Then see if your phone will start normally. Somehow you have downloaded the update file and it is trying to run automatically. Since your phone is modified, the update fails (and nothing is updated or changed.) The update file is in /cache so wiping that should correct the problem. You should go ahead and update to the Stagefright patched version of your ROM so you aren't having to deny the factory update all the time.
mikeoswego said:
Get your phone into TWRP and connect it to your charger and let it charge to at least 70% Use Advanced Wipe in TWRP, select Cache and wipe that. Then see if your phone will start normally. Somehow you have downloaded the update file and it is trying to run automatically. Since your phone is modified, the update fails (and nothing is updated or changed.) The update file is in /cache so wiping that should correct the problem. You should go ahead and update to the Stagefright patched version of your ROM so you aren't having to deny the factory update all the time.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Attempting this now....
Phone still boots to a black screen. I don't understand why it would download the update let alone attempt to install it, I religiously deny the update. Also why would it have booted up normally then forced itself into TWRP? :S
What can I next? I dont mind wiping using fastboot as I managed to take all my files off the phone via twrp.
This happened to me a couple times but wiping the cache AND the dalvik cache fixed it. If it still doesn't work, I hope you have a backup because you are going to have to wipe the system and data next. Sometimes these updates like to link themselves to all the phone's partitions, and in that case you should wipe everything and restore your full system and data backup in recovery.
TyNote3Krill said:
This happened to me a couple times but wiping the cache AND the dalvik cache fixed it. If it still doesn't work, I hope you have a backup because you are going to have to wipe the system and data next. Sometimes these updates like to link themselves to all the phone's partitions, and in that case you should wipe everything and restore your full system and data backup in recovery.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I wiped both the first time I tried it :-/
I don't have a system backup as a far as I am aware, need to check main pc for something like that. I had a lot of trouble with no signal after changing my phone to x1095 so I could root it etc. Just hope I don't have the same trouble again. Can i reinstall the system through twrp? Or do I need to flash via fastboot?
Whats my best option, system files wise, for fixing this?
THE-M1GHTY-BUKO said:
I wiped both the first time I tried it :-/
I don't have a system backup as a far as I am aware, need to check main pc for something like that. I had a lot of trouble with no signal after changing my phone to x1095 so I could root it etc. Just hope I don't have the same trouble again. Can i reinstall the system through twrp? Or do I need to flash via fastboot?
Whats my best option, system files wise, for fixing this?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
If you dont have a backup, at this point, I don't see any other options besides formatting your data or flashing the stock firmware. Of course, don't just take my word for it, but in the future just make sure you have a working backup available.
TyNote3Krill said:
If you dont have a backup, at this point, I don't see any other options besides formatting your data or flashing the stock firmware. Of course, don't just take my word for it, but in the future just make sure you have a working backup available.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Am I able to flash anything other than the stock 5.0? Last I checked I had converted whatever I had to the x1095. I remember everything being easier on other phones...
Yes, you can, just make sure you have the right file for the job. They are usually about 2 gigs, and they take forever to flash. Note that once you flash the file, your phone will be as if you just bought it from the store, but it always will boot if you have the corresponding build.
THE-M1GHTY-BUKO said:
Attempting this now....
Phone still boots to a black screen. I don't understand why it would download the update let alone attempt to install it, I religiously deny the update. Also why would it have booted up normally then forced itself into TWRP? :S
What can I next? I dont mind wiping using fastboot as I managed to take all my files off the phone via twrp.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
In TWRP, make a backup now even though it may not be useful depending on what the problem is. Then, use advanced wipe in TWRP and wipe data. If the phone will boot now, something got corrupted in data and you'll just need to set your phone up again. If the problem continues, you'll have to flash your system image. How to do this varies with the model of your phone; some models have TWRP images, others need to use fastboot files. After you flash the new system image, you can either just continue to clean setup the phone, or you can try to restore only data from the backup you made previously.
TyNote3Krill said:
Yes, you can, just make sure you have the right file for the job. They are usually about 2 gigs, and they take forever to flash. Note that once you flash the file, your phone will be as if you just bought it from the store, but it always will boot if you have the corresponding build.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Does that include 5.1 roms? I can never seem to find x1095 5.1 roms, or anything for that matter, they are all titled with every other version.
mikeoswego said:
In TWRP, make a backup now even though it may not be useful depending on what the problem is. Then, use advanced wipe in TWRP and wipe data. If the phone will boot now, something got corrupted in data and you'll just need to set your phone up again. If the problem continues, you'll have to flash your system image. How to do this varies with the model of your phone; some models have TWRP images, others need to use fastboot files. After you flash the new system image, you can either just continue to clean setup the phone, or you can try to restore only data from the backup you made previously.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I tried wiping data to no avail.
Im trying to download stock 5.0 for now but the download is taking decades for some reason. Do you, or anyone else, recommend any roms which I can easily flash without having to worry about modem files?
THE-M1GHTY-BUKO said:
Does that include 5.1 roms? I can never seem to find x1095 5.1 roms, or anything for that matter, they are all titled with every other version.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Hopefully this could provide more information for your situation?
http://forum.xda-developers.com/moto-x-2014/development/rom-xt1095-flashable-stock-rom-t3185945
Thank you for your help, as well as anyone else who helped me. I now have a running phone on 5.1.
How do I gain root from here? My superuser app updated and now tells me I have no binary, despite telling me to flash something only 5 minutes prior.
Sent from my XT1095 using XDA Free mobile app
So you don't have root? I would suggest rooting using towelroot. Go online and search "towelroot" click on the first result, click on the lambda to download the apk, and install it. You can then open the app, and press "make it ra1n" to root your device without any reboot needed.
I had root prior to wiping and installing the 5.1 update that was linked to me. Towelroot gives me the phone not supported message.
Sent from my XT1095 using XDA Free mobile app
Towel root does not work in 5.1.
To root just flash TWRP. Start TWRP. When you exit TWRP it will ask you if you want to root it. Simple.
Sent from my XT1095 using Tapatalk
I'm still in the "phone not responding" phase.. how did you manage to get in the bootloader from there? Tnx!
I found a chainfire autoroot IMG that rooted my phone. Found xposed too. I'm back at a fully working phone now, thank you to all who helped me.
Gotta say, the battery life on 5.1 is a hell of a lot better.
Sent from my XT1095 using XDA Free mobile app
As in you can't get it to fastboot?
I left it to charge for a while, then took about 5 minutes attempting the power button volume button combo to restart and get it into fastboot.
I believe that it's something like:
Power + vol down until the phone screen flashes/green light goes off
Then
Still holding the power and volume down
Hold the vol up too
Then release the power still holding the vol up and down.
That's what worked for me. It's literally the most awkward phone I've had go button combos.
I think vol up from powered off works too.
If you mess up just hold the power and vol down again.
Sent from my XT1095 using XDA Free mobile app
In this tutorial I will inform you on three different soft bricks, and how to fix them.
You must be able to boot into TWRP and/or Odin/Download mode!
1.) Verification Failed.
Method #1
This method will work with people whom can't reset their device, due to an unmountable /data partition, and those whom experience this error, who can reset but have valuable items, applications, videos, or photos that they don't want to lose. Must be able to boot into Odin/Download mode. (Volume Down+Home+Power)
The solution is actually pretty simple. Boot into Odin/Download mode. This has to be done correctly, not from TWRP recovery. When the prompt for "Volume Up = Continue" and "Volume Down = Cancel (Restart)" press volume down. You should no longer see verification failed, but instead be sitting on the T-Mobile logo. This is normal, and could take 30 seconds to 10 minutes, depending on the amount of data.
This method works all because of Knox. Knox is what Samsung uses to void your warranty. Companies are not allowed to void a warranty when rooting, installing roms, or recovery, unless they have direct evidence. Knox will trigger this when it isn't sure. It will try forcing you to bring it to Samsung, and they can directly find out why it was caused. This happens when it thinks that you cancelled.
Method #2
This one will require you to lose all your data, but is mainly intended for those whom cannot reset their device. Download the stock firmware from the links below. Open Odin (Jodin3 will not work! It is not fully functioning, do not try it.) and boot device into Download/Odin mode. On your computer, you should see 'Added' in the logs. If this does not show up download the Samsung USB Drivers. Select AP and then select the stock firmware. Now flash it. This can also be done through TWRP
For bootloop and frozen Android/Carrier logo just do Method 2. You usually will keep all your data.
FOR 'VERIFICATION FAILED' YOU CANNOT RESTORE FROM A BACKUP!
FOR BOOTLOOPS AND FROZEN STARTUP SCREEN, YOU CAN!
Downloads:
Samsung USB Drivers
7.1.1 Stock Firmware
Odin3 v3.12.10
Post any bricks below that you have encountered!
I'm interested in how many variations there are, and how common they are.
One weird error I'm getting all of a sudden is "Custom binary blocked by FRP Lock" when I tried to reboot my phone. Any ideas?
Hovo said:
One weird error I'm getting all of a sudden is "Custom binary blocked by FRP Lock" when I tried to reboot my phone. Any ideas?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Please describe this issue in further detail. Has this been happening out of nowhere, or did you just try flashing something via Odin/Download mode or TWRP.
Also, before flashing did you enable OEM unlock
This also happens when something flashed via Odin/Download mode is incompatible.
Are you still able to boot into the default system partition? If not safe mode?
TechNash said:
Please describe this issue in further detail. Has this been happening out of nowhere, or did you just try flashing something via Odin/Download mode or TWRP.
Also, before flashing did you enable OEM unlock
This also happens when something flashed via Odin/Download mode is incompatible.
Are you still able to boot into the default system partition? If not safe mode?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I should have updated my post, I'm not sure what happened but I flashed stock through Odin and the problem went away, after that I was able to flash twrp and root/install other roms.
It's still weird that the problem happened out of nowhere, not sure what triggered it.
It goes away when u log in to google with the last account that is associated with the phone
Hovo said:
I should have updated my post, I'm not sure what happened but I flashed stock through Odin and the problem went away, after that I was able to flash twrp and root/install other roms.
It's still weird that the problem happened out of nowhere, not sure what triggered it.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Probs OTA. It happened to me my first 3 tries. Ended up factory reseting, and installing fresh via Odin, didn't fix it.
I just turned off auto reboot on Odin, and then pulled my battery on my J7. Booted up straight to Recovery from there.
TechNash said:
Probs OTA. It happened to me my first 3 tries. Ended up factory reseting, and installing fresh via Odin, didn't fix it.
I just turned off auto reboot on Odin, and then pulled my battery on my J7. Booted up straight to Recovery from there.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It would make sense if it was an OTA update TY
Hi, I tried to root my phone and I got this error, I don't mind restarting the phone, but isn't there a way for me to backup my data (photos mainly) first?
Nightwinter said:
Hi, I tried to root my phone and I got this error, I don't mind restarting the phone, but isn't there a way for me to backup my data (photos mainly) first?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Sorry I didnt respond.
Looks like you didnt flash encryption breaker. Keep this on your SD Card as its a great way to recover from these errors, and you will need it when you flash ROMS.
Just boot in recovery, flash ashix no verity no encrypt, then reboot into system. You shouldnt have this error.
TechNash said:
Sorry I didnt respond.
Looks like you didnt flash encryption breaker. Keep this on your SD Card as its a great way to recover from these errors, and you will need it when you flash ROMS.
Just boot in recovery, flash ashix no verity no encrypt, then reboot into system. You shouldnt have this error.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Keep what in the SD card? the is no file in your quote.
Nightwinter said:
Keep what in the SD card? the is no file in your quote.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
He's referring to the encryption breaker file ("no-verity-no-encrypt_ashyx.zip") in his first sentence. That is assuming you already had it and should be keeping it on your SD card all the time for flashing ROMs
graevon said:
He's referring to the encryption breaker file ("no-verity-no-encrypt_ashyx.zip") in his first sentence. That is assuming you already had it and should be keeping it on your SD card all the time for flashing ROMs
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks for explaining that to him.
TechNash said:
Thanks for explaining that to him.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
how to remove Verification Failed or root in the TWRP file manager without losing data
Mujeeb64 said:
how to remove Verification Failed or root in the TWRP file manager without losing data
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Flash ashyx-no-verity-no-encrypt.zip in twrp.
Reboot
TechNash said:
In this tutorial I will inform you on three different soft bricks, and how to fix them.
You must be able to boot into TWRP and/or Odin/Download mode!
1.) Verification Failed.
Method #1
This method will work with people whom can't reset their device, due to an unmountable /data partition, and those whom experience this error, who can reset but have valuable items, applications, videos, or photos that they don't want to lose. Must be able to boot into Odin/Download mode. (Volume Down+Home+Power)
The solution is actually pretty simple. Boot into Odin/Download mode. This has to be done correctly, not from TWRP recovery. When the prompt for "Volume Up = Continue" and "Volume Down = Cancel (Restart)" press volume down. You should no longer see verification failed, but instead be sitting on the T-Mobile logo. This is normal, and could take 30 seconds to 10 minutes, depending on the amount of data.
This method works all because of Knox. Knox is what Samsung uses to void your warranty. Companies are not allowed to void a warranty when rooting, installing roms, or recovery, unless they have direct evidence. Knox will trigger this when it isn't sure. It will try forcing you to bring it to Samsung, and they can directly find out why it was caused. This happens when it thinks that you cancelled.
Method #2
This one will require you to lose all your data, but is mainly intended for those whom cannot reset their device. Download the stock firmware from the links below. Open Odin (Jodin3 will not work! It is not fully functioning, do not try it.) and boot device into Download/Odin mode. On your computer, you should see 'Added' in the logs. If this does not show up download the Samsung USB Drivers. Select AP and then select the stock firmware. Now flash it. This can also be done through TWRP
For bootloop and frozen Android/Carrier logo just do Method 2. You usually will keep all your data.
FOR 'VERIFICATION FAILED' YOU CANNOT RESTORE FROM A BACKUP!
FOR BOOTLOOPS AND FROZEN STARTUP SCREEN, YOU CAN!
Downloads:
Samsung USB Drivers
7.1.1 Stock Firmware
Odin3 v3.12.10
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I have a samsung j700t ud that had the 7.1.1 update installed from tmobile or samsung and it caused the to remain in a continual reboot loop until the battery of the phone dies. Will the methods above repair the issue?
Stuff I've tried:
1. Wipe cache
2. Called samsung and tmobile
3. Used samfirm to download firmware to use with odin that was successfully done but the reboot loop still remains.
smirk24 said:
I have a samsung j700t ud that had the 7.1.1 update installed from tmobile or samsung and it caused the to remain in a continual reboot loop until the battery of the phone dies. Will the methods above repair the issue?
Stuff I've tried:
1. Wipe cache
2. Called samsung and tmobile
3. Used samfirm to download firmware to use with odin that was successfully done but the reboot loop still remains.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Was the update sent out to you, or did you download it from SamMobile?
If the update was sent out to you I'm afraid I cannot help, but if you flashed it from SamMobile use an older version like Marshmallow or Lolipop.
EDIT: Make sure you factory reset device and wipe cache after installing from SamMobile.
TechNash said:
Was the update sent out to you, or did you download it from SamMobile?
If the update was sent out to you I'm afraid I cannot help, but if you flashed it from SamMobile use an older version like Marshmallow or Lolipop.
EDIT: Make sure you factory reset device and wipe cache after installing from SamMobile.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Id love to but i dont know how to get the marshmallow software and install it to the phone but id like to learn how.
How to recover from Verification Failed without losing data ?Does installing TWRP via Oddin Works and does it able me to transfer my data after installing TWRP ? I dare not try doing it as i have never did it b4